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1994-05-02
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<text>
<title>
Arctic Ocean: Geography
</title>
<article><hdr>The World Factbook 1993: Arctic Ocean
Geography</hdr><body>
<p>Location: body of water mostly north of the Arctic Circle
</p>
<list>
<l>Area:</l>
<l> total area: 14.056 million km2</l>
<l> comparative area: slightly more than 1.5 times the size of
the US; smallest of the world's four oceans (after Pacific
Ocean, Atlantic Ocean, and Indian Ocean)</l>
</list>
<p>note: includes Baffin Bay, Barents Sea, Beaufort Sea, Chukchi
Sea, East Siberian Sea, Greenland Sea, Hudson Bay, Hudson
Strait, Kara Sea, Laptev Sea, and other tributary water bodies
</p>
<p>Coastline: 45,389 km
</p>
<p>International disputes: some maritime disputes (see littoral
states); Svalbard is the focus of a maritime boundary dispute
between Norway and Russia
</p>
<p>Climate: polar climate characterized by persistent cold and
relatively narrow annual temperature ranges; winters
characterized by continuous darkness, cold and stable weather
conditions, and clear skies; summers characterized by continuous
daylight, damp and foggy weather, and weak cyclones with rain or
snow
</p>
<p>Terrain: central surface covered by a perennial drifting polar
icepack that averages about 3 meters in thickness, although
pressure ridges may be three times that size; clockwise drift
pattern in the Beaufort Gyral Stream, but nearly straight line
movement from the New Siberian Islands (Russia) to Denmark
Strait (between Greenland and Iceland); the ice pack is
surrounded by open seas during the summer, but more than doubles
in size during the winter and extends to the encircling land
masses; the ocean floor is about 50% continental shelf (highest
percentage of any ocean) with the remainder a central basin
interrupted by three submarine ridges (Alpha Cordillera, Nansen
Cordillera, and Lomonsov Ridge); maximum depth is 4,665 meters in
the Fram Basin
</p>
<p>Natural resources: sand and gravel aggregates, placer
deposits, polymetallic nodules, oil and gas fields, fish, marine
mammals (seals and whales)
</p>
<p>Environment: endangered marine species include walruses and
whales; ice islands occasionally break away from northern
Ellesmere Island; icebergs calved from glaciers in western
Greenland and extreme northeastern Canada; maximum snow cover in
March or April about 20 to 50 centimeters over the frozen ocean
and lasts about 10 months; permafrost in islands; virtually
icelocked from October to June; fragile ecosystem slow to change
and slow to recover from disruptions or damage
</p>
<p>Note: major chokepoint is the southern Chukchi Sea (northern
access to the Pacific Ocean via the Bering Strait); ships
subject to superstructure icing from October to May; strategic
location between North America and Russia; shortest marine link
between the extremes of eastern and western Russia, floating
research stations operated by the US and Russia
</p></body></article></text>